choosing 10 terms write each them in 2 to 3 sentences I will attach the PowerPoint and a paper shows the terms that you need to choose
chapter_12___the_worlds_of_the_15th_century__part_2_4099_.pptx
chapter_12___the_worlds_of_the_15th_century__part_3_4098_.pptx
chapter_13___political_transformations___empires_and_encounters__1450___1750__part_2_4097_.pptx
chapter_13___political_transformations__empires_and_encounters__1450___1750__part_1_4096_.pptx
chapter_14___commerce_and_consequences__1450___1750__part_1_4140_.pptx
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Rise of the Inca
• In 1438, the Kingdom of
Cuzco was established
in southern present-day
Peru
• Campaigns of expansion
continued for nearly
100 years
• Reached its apex by
1525 with a population
of about 14 million
Rise of the Inca
• In 1438, the Kingdom of
Cuzco was established
in southern present-day
Peru
• Campaigns of expansion
continued for nearly
100 years
• Reached its apex by
1525 with a population
of about 14 million
Incan Society
• Power was very
centralized
• Chief ruler, or Sapa Inca,
viewed as a god-king,
descendant from the sun
• Priests were among the
elite class
• No large merchant class
• Peasants supplied food
stuffs and labor for public
works
Incan Society
• Power was very
centralized
• Chief ruler, or Sapa Inca,
viewed as a god-king,
descendant from the sun
• Priests were among the
elite class
• No large merchant class
• Peasants supplied food
stuffs and labor for public
works
Incan Empire
• Traded throughout the
region
• No internal market
system
• Practiced polytheism
• Practiced
mummification of the
elite class
• Practiced human
sacrifice
Rule of the Empire
• Divided in to four large districts and smaller
sub – districts with a local governor
• Local rulers remained in power as long as they
supported the Inca
• Colonized and spread their language as a way
to integrate the empire
• Required labor services from all captured or
conquered peoples
Incan Road System
• Stone roads extended
nearly 25,000 miles
throughout the empire
• Nearly 10,000 supply /
relay stations was one
day’s walk apart
• A message took 9 days
to travel the length of
the empire
Fall of the Inca
• Spanish under Francisco
Pizzaro encounter the
Inca in Peru in December
1530
• The Inca were weak due
to civil war and a
smallpox epidemic
• In November 1532,
Pizzaro defeated the
Incan army and captured
Atahualpa, the Incan ruler
• In 1534 Pizzaro captured
the Incan capital, Cuzco
The Renaissance
• Began in Florence, Italy in
the late 14th century
• Resurgence of interest in
the arts, sciences,
medicine, music and
politics
• Spread across Europe by
the 16th century
• Led to the breakdown of
the feudal system in
Europe
The Renaissance
• Transition period from a medieval to a more
modern Europe
• Occurred during a period of religious turmoil
in Europe
• Advancements in the arts, mathematics,
sciences and medicine
• Introduction of humanistic ideas
• Spread across most of Europe by 1495
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 – 1519)
• Examined many fields,
including art, mathematics,
and sciences
• Dissected corpses to study
human anatomy and made
drawings of his findings
• Made drawings of airplanes,
tanks and parachutes
• Kept daily journals on his
findings and ideas
• Painted the Mona Lisa and
the Last Supper
Michelangelo
(1475 – 1564)
• Focused on art and
sculptures
• Practiced new techniques
and produced great works
of art
• The 18 – foot statue of
David is greatly admired
for its form
• Painted the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome
between 1508 and 1512
Christian Humanists
• Called for the reform of Christianity as a whole
• Believed humans could improve themselves and the
world around them through their power of reason
• Believed the Catholic Church had distorted religion
for their own purposes
• Believed through education a person could reach
inner piety
• Most noted Christian Humanists were Desiderius
Erasmus and Thomas More
Desiderius Erasmus
• Believed Christianity
should be the guiding
philosophy
• Believed inner piety was
the pinnacle of religion
• Criticized church
leaders
• Published a Greek and
Latin edition of the
Bible in 1516
Thomas More
• Believed education was the
path to piety
• In 1516 published “Utopia”
describing a society based
on cooperation and reason
• Pursued a lifetime career in
government
• Refused to support Henry
VIII’s authority over the
church and the Pope in
England
Rise of the Aztecs
• Established in the Valley
of Mexico around 1300
• Controlled much of
Mesoamerica from the
14th – 16th centuries
• Reached its apex in
1519 with a population
of about 11 million
• Practiced human
sacrifice
Aztec Society
• Highly structured and
hereditary
• Elite lived close to the
city center
• Priests were among the
elite class
• No large merchant class
• Peasants and slaves
supplied food stuffs and
labor for public works
Aztec Empire
• An alliance and
tributary form of
government
• Traded throughout the
region
• Developed a local and
regional market system
• Practiced polytheism
• Human sacrifice was
part of religious rituals
Rule of the Empire
• City-states ally or pay tribute to the ruler in
Tenochtitlan, the capital
• Ruler had to be of royal family lineage
• Local rulers remained in power as long as they
supported the Aztec ruler
• Military campaigns maintained control and
expanded the empire
• Required labor services from all captured or
conquered peoples
Fall of the Aztec
• Spanish under Hernan
Cortes encounter the
Aztec in central Mexico in
November 1519
• Aztec king, Montezuma, is
taken hostage and killed
• The Aztec were weak due
to war with the Spanish
and a smallpox epidemic
• In August 1521, Cortes
captured the Aztec
capital, Tenochtitlan
Rise of the Ming
• Established by Zhu
Yuanzhang in 1368
• Established capital at
Nanjing
• Created a centralized
bureaucratic government
• Expanded agriculture and
the economy
• Expanded their power
and influence by sending
fleets into the Indian
Ocean
Zhu Yuanzhang
• Proclaimed himself
Hongwu Emperor of the
Ming in January 1368
• Outlawed anything
Mongol
• Replaced all Mongol
officials with Han officials
• Reinstituted the civil
service examination
system
Ming Society
• Highly structured and
hereditary four class
system
• Revival of Confucianism
• Class mobility was
reduced
• Rituals provided
cohesion
• Role of women became
more controlled
Ming Government
• Emperor was head of
the government
• Office of Grand
Secretariat controlled
the Six Ministries
• Officials delegated to
oversee the thirteen
provinces
• Expanded the civil
examination system
European Exploration
European / Chinese Exploration
• Between 1405 – 1433, the Ming government
launched seven expeditions into the Indian Ocean
basin to expand its influence
• By 1450, the Chinese fleet lay at anchor falling
into disrepair
• On May 18, 1498, the Portuguese fleet of Vasco
de Gama reached the port of Calicut on the
western coast of India
• Europeans sought wealth and colonies while the
Chinese expeditions were diplomatic in nature
Empires of the Middle East
• The Ottoman and Safavid
Empires were key in the
establishment of Islam in
North Africa and the
Middle East
• Practiced different
versions of Islam
• Established political,
religious, and cultural
unity
• Often at war over
territory and religion
Rise of the Ottomans
• Established as an
Islamic state by Osman I
in 1299 in northwestern
Anatolia
• Expanded over the next
300 years
• Population of 30 million
by 1600
• Became the leader of
the Islamic world
Ottoman Society
• Practiced toleration of
other religions
• Religious officials, the
Ulama, controlled the
religious teachings and
judicial system
• Viewed themselves as the
“Protectors of Islam”
• Largely divided along
ethnic and religious lines
Ottoman Government
• Sultans were the supreme
political and military
leaders of the empire
• Advisors and ministers
oversaw government
functions
• Authority was delegated
to local governors
• Brought political unity to
the region
Ottoman Empire
• Became a major military and political power in
the Mediterranean region
• Captured Constantinople in 1453 ending the
Christian Byzantine Empire
• Conquered the Balkans by 1500
• By 1600 had expanded across the Middle East,
North Africa and southeastern Europe
• Reached its apex in 1683 during the Siege of
Vienna
Decline of the Ottomans
• By 1750 Ottoman power
and influence began to
wane
• Badly defeated by Russia
in 1768 – 1774
• Nationalists movements
spread throughout the
empire in the early 1800s
• Weak rulers, wars, a
failing economy, taxes
and foreign expansion led
to its dissolution in 1922
Rise of the Safavids
• Established as a Shia
Islamic state by Shah
Ismail I in 1501 on the
Iranian Plateau
• Continuous wars with
the Ottomans
• Established relations
with European states
• Reached its peak by
1600
Safavid Government
• Shah was absolute ruler
• Royal court made up of
elites
• Complex bureaucracy to
prevent corruption
• Local governors
controlled “public”
lands
• Gained great wealth
due to trade routes
Decline of the Safavid
• By 1700 Shahs had
become complacent
• Government became
more corrupt
• Military became less
effective
• Division of powers
between the Shahs and
the Ulama
• Defeated by Afghan army
in 1722
Empires of Africa and India
• The Songhai spread their
influence in West Africa
by controlling key trade
routes
• The Mughal spread their
influence on the Indian
peninsula and controlled
key trade routes
• The Hindu Mughal Empire
ruled over non-Hindu
peoples and established
inclusive programs for
them
Rise of the Songhai
• Established by Sunni Ali in
1464 in western Africa
with its capital at Gao
• Centered along the Niger
River
• Expanded into a major
trade network
• Received tribute from
surrounding chiefdoms
• Reached its peak by 1549
Songhai Empire
• King was absolute ruler
• Empire was divided in
to five provinces
• Ministers oversaw
government functions
• Became an Islamic state
in 1493
• Gained wealth due to
control of major trade
routes and ports
Decline of the Songhai Empire
• Caste system based
society
• Outdated military
• Revolt in 1528 led to a
succession of weak
kings
• Continued attacks by
the Moroccans in the
north
Rise of the Mughal
• Established by Babur as
an Islamic state in 1526
• 80% of the population
practiced Hinduism
• Practiced toleration of
others under Akbar
(1556 – 1605)
• Strict adherence to
Muslim law under
Aurangzeb (1658 – 1707)
Mughal Empire
• Campaigns of expansion
began in 1556
• Expanded trade with
European states
• Developed a loyal
military aristocracy
• Developed a stable and
strong economy
• Practice religious
tolerance
Decline of the Mughal Empire
• The death of Aurangzeb in 1707 led to a
succession of weak rulers
• Strict religious policies of Aurangzeb led to
revolts
• Local rulers expand their power and influence
• Rise of the Maratha Empire
• British East India Company deposed the last
emperor in 1857
Connecting the World
• Expanding trade routes allowed for expanded
commerce
• Trade routes also allowed for the exchange of
knowledge and cultural and religious ideas
• Each region contributed to the exchange
• European exploration played a major role in
connecting the various regions
• Beginning of the global market
Qing Dynasty
• Manchus ruled China –
not Chinese
• Manchus made up only
2% of the population
• Claimed the “Mandate
of Heaven”
• Emperor was absolute
ruler
• Retained the imperial
examination system
Qing Government
• Maintained many of Ming government
bureaucratic structures and institutions
• Offices held by Manchus and Han Chinese
• Office of Grand Secretariat controlled the Six
Ministries – Civil Appointments, Revenue,
Rites, War, Punishments and Works
• Each province had a governor to oversee the
functions of government
Qing Economy
• Commerce and trade expanded, including to
Japan and Europe
• Promoted large construction projects,
including buildings, canals, irrigation systems
• Set low taxes to gain popularity with the
Chinese
• Exported silk, porcelain and spices
Qing Dynasty
• Reached its apex between
1723 – 1796
• Population reached
nearly 300 million by
1800
• Reduction in agricultural
land ownership
• Rebellions, corruption,
rising taxes and foreign
influence led to decline
Mughal Empire
• Established as an Islamic
state in 1526
• 80% of the population
practiced Hinduism
• Practiced toleration of
others under Akbar
(1556 – 1605)
• Strict adherence to
Muslim law under
Aurangzeb (1658 – 1707)
Mughal Empire
• Originated in Central
Asia claiming kinship to
Genghis Khan
• All emperors were
Muslim
• Practiced toleration of
other groups
• 2nd largest empire on
the Indian subcontinent
Mughal Government
• Created a centralized government with the
emperor as an absolute ruler
• A governor oversaw each province
• Appointed Hindus to influential positions
• Each official was given a rank or position
• Reformed tax system – abolished non-Muslim
taxes
Mughal Economy
• Expanded with the creation of a road system,
uniform currency and unification of India
• Agrarian based
• Elites held control over revenue rights in their
region
• Expanded trade with China and Europe
• Exported cotton, silk, textiles, gold, ivory and
gemstones
Mughal Society
• Based in feudalism and class
• Rulers worked to spread Islamic culture
throughout India
• Nobility monopolized most of jobs in country
• Nobility was a privileged class
• Improved conditions for women
• Created a mixture of Islamic and Hindu
cultures
Mughal Empire
• Reached its apex by
1707
• Population reached
nearly 150 million by
1700
• Reduction in promotion
of agricultural reforms
• Rebellions, wars, taxes
and foreign intrusion
led to decline
Ottoman Empire
• Established as an Islamic
state by Osman I in 1299
• By 1600 had expanded
across the Middle East,
North Africa and
Southeastern Europe
• Believed they were the
guardians of Islam
• Practiced tolerance of
non-Islamic groups
Ottoman Empire
• Captured Constantinople in 1453 ending the
Christian Byzantine Empire
• Conquered the Balkans by 1500
• Became a major naval power in the
Mediterranean region
• Reached its apex in 1683 during the Siege of
Vienna
• By 1750, Ottoman power and influence began
to wane
Ottoman Government
• Sultans were the supreme political and
military leaders of the empire
• Advisors and ministers assisted the Sultan
with state affairs
• During the late 14th century the Sultans
claimed the title “caliph” establishing the
Ottoman Caliphate
• Legal administration assisted in balancing
central and local authorities
Ottoman Economy
• Agrarian based
• Commerce and manufacturing viewed as
secondary
• Inherited established trade routes across the
Middle East
• Developed major commercial and industrial
centers
• Continued labor shortage
Ottoman Society
•
•
•
•
•
Consisted of four social classes
Multi-ethnic and multi-religious population
Divided between Muslim and non-Muslim
Non-Muslims paid higher taxes
Tolerance of other groups with establishment
of “millets,” or separate courts of law
• Social class, job or skill helped to determine
your rights within the empire
Ottoman Social Structure
• Men of the Pen –
educated individuals:
judges, lawyers, doctors
and scientists
• Men of the Sword –
members of the military
• Men of Negotiation –
merchants, artisans,
bankers and tax collectors
• Men of Husbandry –
farmers and herders
Ottoman Empire
• Population of 30 million
by 1600
• Reached its apex in 1683
• Rulers failed to promote
agricultural and economic
reforms
• Weak rulers, wars, a
failing economy, taxes
and foreign expansion led
to decline
Empires and Encounters: 1450 – 1750
Portugal in Africa
• By 1441 they reached
the Senegal River
• About 1,000 Africans a
year were captured and
returned to Portugal as
slaves
• By 1470 outpost were
established along the
west coast of Africa
European Exploration
• In the early 16th century
Portugal and Spain lead
the exploration into the
Indian Ocean and the
Americas
• The British, French and
Dutch begin to establish
colonies in the 17th
century
• Began as a desire to reestablish the profitable
spice trade
Advantages of Europeans
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ship building techniques and design
Navigational techniques
Sailing techniques
Cartography
Iron working
Weaponry
Diseases
Diseases and the “Great Dying”
• In Mesoamerica, 30% –
40 % of the native
population died
• In the Caribbean, 90% of
the native population
died
• Reduction in the native
population greatly
reduced the local labor
source
• Led to the establishment
of the African slave trade
Slavery in the New World
• In the early 1500s, the
Portuguese began to
transport African slaves to
sugar plantations in Brazil
• In 1518, Spain imported
African slaves to their
sugar plantations in the
Caribbean Islands
• These actions introduced
and established African
slavery in the New World
Slavery in the Americas
• By 1600, nearly 275,000 Africans had been
removed from Africa to Europe, the Middle East
and the Americas as slaves
• About 2,000 per year were sent to the Americas
• By 1700, nearly six million African slaves had
been brought to the Americas
• By 1800, that number had grown to nearly ten
million
• 10 – 15% of all African slaves died during the
“Middle Passage” from malnutrition and disease
Cost of Slavery
• Depopulated African tribes
• Pitted local tribes against each other in order
to furnish slaves to the Europeans
• Cheap European goods undermined local
industries and created widespread poverty
• Use of African slaves became widely accepted
in Europe as they were seen as inferior to
white Europeans
The Spanish in the Americas
• Queen Isabella declared the natives to be Spanish
subjects
• Instituted the encomienda which allowed the
Spanish to collect taxes and tribute from natives
as well as use them for labor
• Also allowed the Spanish to protect the natives,
pay them wages and see to their religious needs
• Of the nearly eleven million natives in central and
northern Mexico in 1519, only about two and a
half million remained in 1600
Governing the Colonies
• Encomienda was abolished in 1542
• Divided the colonies into two areas controlled
by a viceroy responsible only to the Spanish
ruler
• Viceroy oversaw all aspects of colonial
government
• Spanish Catholic missionaries spread
throughout the colonies converting and
baptizing thousands of natives
Europeans and Sugar
• By the 16th century, the
Portuguese and Spanish
had established sugar
plantations in the
Americas
• Sugar production was
very labor intensive but
very profitable
• Led to establishment of
the Triangular Trade
system
Life on a Sugar Plantation
• Harsh living and
working conditions
• 16 hours or more work
day, 6 days a week
• Exposure to oppressive
heat
• Exposure to diseases
• A mortality rate of 5% 10%
British in North America
• In 1607, the British established Jamestown
along the coast of present-day Virginia
• By 1750, 95% of the population were agrarian
• By 1770, 75% of the population were literate
• By 1776, 90% of the population were of
Protestant European descent
Rise of Russia
• Taking the title Tsar in 1503, Ivan III gained
control of the Duchy of Muscovy in central
Russia
• In 1547, Ivan IV began campaigns of expansion
• “Time of Troubles” beset Russia following the
death of Ivan IV in 1584
• From 1601-1603, the country was hit by
widespread famine and fell into decline
• In 1613, Michael Romanov was elected Tsar
Michael Romanov
• Elected Tsar in February
1613
• Ordered Russian forces to
eliminate bandits roaming
the country
• Treaty of Stolbovo in
February 1617 made
peace with Sweden
• Truce of Deulino in
December 1618 made
peace with Poland
Peter the Great
• Ascended the Russian
throne in 1689
• Following a trip to
Austria and France in
late 1697, …
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