Chapter 5: Sensation and PerceptionThis chapter’s big idea: Your experience of the world is just a representation of the world around you. 1. What is the difference between sensation and perception? In reading the words on a piece of paper, what bottom-up processing is taking place? What top-down processing is taking place?2. You and your sister are standing side by side when a friend approaches from directly in front of the two of you. You ask your friend, “Is that Fierce cologne you’re wearing?” Your sister says, “I don’t smell anything.” Your friend moves in closer, and your sister says, “Ah! There I smell it!” And you say, “Now the smell is much stronger!” As the three of you stand there for a little while neither of you nor your sister (nor your friend!) can smell the cologne. Explain how absolute threshold, difference threshold, and sensory adaptation apply to this example.3. In this image there are a few examples that illustrate perceptual set (look closely at B and 13, h and b, and is and 15). Explain what perceptual set is and what it has to do with this image.4. Explain how each of these four monocular cues allow us to determine how close or far away an object is: linear perspective, interposition, relative size, and relative height. In this photo, identify those four monocular cues, describing how each appears in this photo. 5. Explain what binocular cues are and how they help us determine how far away something is.Chapter 6: Learning This chapter’s big idea: We learn to predict based on past experiences. 6.[Lio has ripped open a bag of Monsta Treats, a behavior Lio has clearly engaged in before, which has resulted in the monster drooling on him.]a. In this cartoon, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. b. Use this example to explain generalization and discrimination.c. What would need to happen in order to bring about extinction? What would spontaneous recovery look like?7. National Geographic (Links to an external site.) did a short piece on lying where they reported on some recent research conducted by a Communication Studies professor on the reasons people lie. Below are six of those reasons. For each type of reason, assume that the person who has told the lies has told them all before.For each kind of lie, identify if the telling of the lie (that’s the operant) has been positively reinforced, negatively reinforced, positively punished or negatively punished.Lied to cover up a personal transgression, e.g. lied to keep an affair from becoming publicLied to avoid someone, e.g., lied to get off the phone with someone you don’t want to talk toLied for financial gain, e.g., lied on a tax return to get a bigger tax refundLied for non-monetary benefits, e.g., lied to get people to vote for youLied to make a good impression, e.g., lied on an online dating profile so more people will say yes when you ask to meet themLied to be polite, e.g., lied about liking someone’s shirt to avoid making the person feel bad8.Play media comment.Watch this video clip from The Office, and answer the following question: This video clip is illustrating both classical and operant conditioning. Can you identify both?For classical conditioning, notice at the end, Dwight (the man who reached out for an Altoid) is craving for mint. Identify the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response.For operant conditioning, his behavior is reaching out for an Altoid. Is that behavior being positively reinforced, negatively reinforced, positively punished, or negatively punished. Explain. 9. This comic is illustrating both classical and operant conditioning. Can you identify both?For classical conditioning, notice in the last panel, Eno (the man in the comic) is salivating. Identify the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response.For operant conditioning, his behavior is running out to the street. Is that behavior being positively reinforced, negatively reinforced, positively punished, or negatively punished. Explain. Just like in classical conditioning, we can have a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning. What would you guess the discriminative stimulus does in operant conditioning? What is the discriminative stimulus in this comic?10. Identify a behavior (an operant) you would like to increase in yourself. Identify a reinforcer that works for you. Identify what a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement would look like for you.
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